{
  "schema_version": 1,
  "record_type": "plant",
  "slug": "parsnip",
  "common_name": "Parsnip",
  "botanical_name": "Pastinaca sativa",
  "family": "Apiaceae",
  "summary": "Parsnips are slow-growing direct-sown roots that need fresh seed, a deep stone-free root zone and steady moisture before their autumn and winter harvest.",
  "categories": [
    "root crop",
    "cool-season crop",
    "winter crop"
  ],
  "growth_habits": [
    "long-rooted",
    "short-rooted"
  ],
  "lifecycle": "Biennial grown as an annual",
  "difficulty": "Moderate",
  "requirements": {
    "light": {
      "minimum_direct_sun_hours": 6,
      "preferred_direct_sun_hours": 8
    },
    "soil_ph": {
      "minimum": 6.0,
      "maximum": 7.0
    },
    "container": {
      "minimum_volume_litres": 20,
      "minimum_diameter_cm": 30,
      "plants_per_container": 6
    },
    "spacing": {
      "minimum_cm": 10,
      "maximum_cm": 15
    },
    "planting_out": {
      "minimum_reliable_temperature_c": 5,
      "frost_tolerant": true,
      "label": "Sow outside",
      "note": "Direct sow; mature roots can remain in the ground through frost in free-draining soil."
    },
    "harvest": {
      "typical_uk_months": [
        "September",
        "March"
      ]
    }
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "rhs-growing-parsnips",
      "publisher": "Royal Horticultural Society",
      "url": "https://www.rhs.org.uk/vegetables/parsnips/grow-your-own",
      "supports": [
        "varieties",
        "sowing",
        "watering",
        "carrot_fly",
        "canker",
        "harvest"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "umn-growing-carrots-parsnips",
      "publisher": "University of Minnesota Extension",
      "url": "https://extension.umn.edu/vegetables/growing-carrots-and-parsnips",
      "supports": [
        "soil_ph",
        "soil",
        "direct_sowing",
        "thinning",
        "watering",
        "harvest"
      ]
    }
  ]
}